Showing posts with label sugar packets. Show all posts
Showing posts with label sugar packets. Show all posts

Saturday, 18 June 2016

Zocker, Şeker, Azúcar. Sugar packets as evidence of a changing power balance.

Another thesis done! This is a link to the full thing.


Me with 4 of the copies on the train. Photographer: Gintarė

Abstracts (English, Nederlands, Español):
The position of a language in society is a type of discourse. Even the most banal artefacts with language choices on them are not just results of but participants in that discourse, and they can reinforce it, or challenge and transform it. In this thesis, sugar packets are presented as small samples or fossils of historical language power balances, which can be used to reconstruct shifts in those balances. As a form of ready-collected data, a number of online sugar packet catalogues are used, from which some key information is however missing such as manufacturing dates and finding places. The thesis' methodology is an attempt to utilize the potential of the data by investigating it through four different approaches. After a global overview of differences between the used catalogues, the scope is limited in two different ways. First, the focus is on one city, The Hague, for which the language choices on old and new sugar packets are compared. Next is a comparison of the packets released during the history of three different Dutch department stores. Finally, the study zooms in on a single sugar packet, to trace in detail its journey and the choices made during it. The data show a clear difference between “linguistic fetish” type use of foreign languages, whereby they are employed to call up positive connotations, and “instrumental” use, which is directly related to the companies' cross-border activities. Specifically this “instrumental” multilingualism occurs ever more often, as a result of the dynamics of franchising and foreign expansion during the period which is researched.

De machtspositie van een taal in de maatschappij is een diskoers. De taalkeuzes in of op welke tekst, uitspraak of onbeduidend object dan ook zijn niet alleen resultaten van dat diskoers, maar nemen erin deel, door het te herhalen en voort te zetten, of door het aan te passen en een nieuwe richting te geven. In deze scriptie worden suikerzakjes aangegrepen als kleine staaltjes of fossielen van historische taalbalansen, die kunnen worden gebruikt om de verschuivingen daarin te reconstrueren. Bij wijze van kant-en-klare data maakt de studie gebruik van een aantal door verzamelaars bijeen gebrachte online catalogi van suikerzakjes, waarin echter bepaalde cruciale informatie mist zoals wanneer de zakjes zijn gedrukt en waar ze zijn gevonden. De methodologie van de scriptie is een poging het potentieel van de data tot bloei te brengen met vier benaderingen in toenemende mate van detail. Na een overzicht van onderlinge verschillen tussen de catalogi volgen twee verschillende manieren om het bereik van de studie te beperken, eerst met een focus op suikerzakjes uit één stad, namelijk Den Haag, waarbij taalkeuzes op nieuwe en oude zakjes worden vergeleken, en vervolgens met een vergelijking van de suikerzakjes uitgebracht gedurende de geschiedenis van drie Nederlandse warenhuizen In de laatste analyse wordt de focus verscherpt op één enkel suikerzakje, om het door het zakje afgelegde pad te traceren en de daarbij gemaakte keuzes in hun context te plaatsen. Uit de data blijkt een onderscheid tussen „dwepend“ gebruik van vreemde talen – waarbij ze worden ingezet om positieve associaties op te roepen – en „instrumenteel“ gebruik, direct gerelateerd aan grensoverschrijdende economische activiteit van de bedrijven. Specifiek deze „instrumentele“ meertaligheid komt steeds meer voor als gevolg van het ontstaan van franchises en toenemende internationalisering van bedrijven tijdens het door het onderzoek beslagen tijdsbestek.

La posición de un idioma en la sociedad es un discurso. Cada texto, objeto o acto de habla, junto con las selecciónes de idioma que se encuentran en estos, incluso en los más triviales, no son solamente resultados de este discurso sino que también hacen parte de éste y pueden reforzarlo, rebatirlo y transformarlo. En esta tesis, los paquetes de azúcar se presentan como muestras o fósiles de equilibrios históricos de poder lingüístico, cuyos cambios pueden ser reconstruidos mediante el análisis de estos vestigios. Como “corpus prefabricado” se utilizan catálogos en línea de paquetes de azúcar, recopilados por coleccionistas. Sin embargo, faltan informaciónes tales como las fechas de producción o los lugares donde se hallaron los paquetes. La metodología de la tesis busca aprovechar el potencial de dichos paquetes desde cuatro enfoques de investigación diferentes. Se empieza presentando un panorama general de las diferencias entre los catálogos y entre los sistemas nacionales de distribución de azúcar. Luego, para limitar el alcance de los datos, se comparan las selecciones de idioma hechas, en primer lugar, en paquetes nuevos y antiguos de la ciudad de La Haya, y, en segundo lugar, en los paquetes creados a lo largo de la historia de tres almacenes neerlandeses. Por último, la investigación se enfoca en un único paquete para observar en detalle su recorrido y las decisiones tomadas en este proceso. Los resultados muestran una clara distinción entre el uso de idiomas extranjeros de dos maneras: como “fetiche lingüístico” y de forma “instrumental”. En la primera, los idiomas son usados para evocar asociaciones positivas, mientras que la segunda está directamente relacionada a las actividades transfronterizas de las empresas. Este tipo de plurilingüismo “instrumental” particular occure cada vez más seguido, como resultado de las dinámicas de creación de franquicias y de expanción internacional durante el periodo investigado.

Monday, 26 October 2015

ENQUANTO HÁ CAFÉ, HÁ ESPERANÇA: The landscape of multilingual sugar packets





The back and front of a packet collected in a Portuguese bakery in Esch-sur-Alzette (on the Place de la Resistance).

Since January 2006 I have been collecting sugar packets, a hobby which trickled down from a great aunt, which was not unusual in the Netherlands in the 1950s but is now far less common. Most of the packets come with cups of coffee, drank by me or by friends and family on holiday trips. There is a sense of excitement in walking past a terrace and seeing the coffee cup of someone who already left still sitting there, the packets untouched; sneaking by and letting them slide in my pocket. In the summer when I stay at my dad’s house I tally up what I have gathered the past year. I cut small slits in the sides of the packets, let the sugar run out, and arrange them in self-adhesive photo books, matching and categorizing. On the internet I have so far found three clubs for sugar packet collectors: one in the Netherlands, one in Portugal and one in Hungary. I haven’t traded much yet, but I have been given the collections of some people who were clearing out their attic, one of them counting thousands and alphabetized on place name. 

Initially one thing that fascinated me about the Dutch packets I collected, was that many of them only have the word “SUGAR” in English, pragmatic, in capitals. These packets are very different from those my great aunt collected in the 50s. On those, there is just Dutch – not a hint of German or French even in the holiday resorts. At that time it must have been cheaper to have personalized packets pressed, as every small cafeteria had their own. Now most cafés give out sugar packets from the brand of coffee they serve. 

On closer inspection, it is not just the Dutch packets that feature interesting language choices. There are McDonalds packets with Swedish and Finnish; packets that feature slogans in Italian; and obviously the Luxembourgish packets, each of which seems to interpret the language situation in Luxembourg differently. The packets I collected in the United States, the United Kingdom, and interestingly also South Africa are all exclusively in English. An interesting case on their own are the very multilingual packets, which feature four or more languages. Which languages do they combine, and why those? 

To an extent, language on sugar packets is not even really needed. If you get a small packet with your coffee that rustles when you shake it, you probably have an idea of what is in it. The function of the language is somewhat symbolic. Language choice serves an ideological function, even on something as small as a sugar packet, or maybe especially there. When designing the packet, the business is making predictions about what their customer will understand, and what connotations different languages will have to them. The business is presenting itself as allied to what the language choice represents. 

I believe the collection could be a very interesting corpus for a thesis on multilingualism and the economic and ideological motivations of language choice. It is a type of linguistic landscaping study: what languages are featured, in what order and prominence? Is everything translated or just a part? What types of businesses make which kinds of language choices? Yet because of the nature of the collection, there is potential for comparison across different countries and through different time periods, which would be harder to achieve in studies of language choice on shop signs and advertisements. A lot of sugar packets have been documented and dated precisely by collector collectives in the Netherlands and Portugal, and possibly elsewhere; this can be used to supplement and date my own sugar packets. 

For the literature review, I would search for texts on language choice in business-customer interaction. For the methodology it will be useful to review texts about linguistic landscaping, as well as texts about sugar packets, if available. I am curious to see if business-customer interaction has been specifically written about in linguistic landscaping studies before. Also, it might be fun to see if Bourdieu’s theories about the economy of linguistic exchanges applies here, or if he just meant that metaphorically. It would also be good to read up on the linguistic context of the countries from which I am analyzing packets.